An Economy Built on Debt
— Is There a Way Out?
Global debt just reached a historic record of $348.3 trillion [1] — more than three times the size of the world economy. Mortgages, consumer loans, corporate debt, and government deficits continue to grow at extraordinary speed. Why?
There is an explanation that is rarely discussed in public debate. In today’s system, money itself is created as debt. This means the money supply can only grow as debt grows. Is there a way out from under the ever-growing mountain of debt?
In this webinar, Dr. Michael Kumhof (who worked at IMF and the Bank of England), will explain how the current debt-money system works, why it creates instability, inequality, and over-indebtedness — and how we can break free from the debt trap by issuing debt-free money for the public good. Register now to secure your spot:
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About
Why so much debt?
Why has global debt reached $348.3 trillion? The deeper reason is rarely discussed: In today’s system, money is created as debt.
Almost all money is created by private banks when they make loans. As a rule, banks do not lend existing money — they create new deposits.
That means the growth of the money supply and the growth of debt go hand in hand. Our societies rent their money supply from the banking system and pay interest for its continued existence. That is the hidden logic of a debt-based economy.
But the problem goes even deeper. The money in our bank accounts is itself a bank liability — a promise by banks to provide cash on demand. Yet this is a promise most banks could not fulfill. If more than a small percentage of customers tried to withdraw their money at the same time, the result would be disaster.
Debt-money does not only increase our indebtedness. It also increases the banking system’s liabilities to a level that creates structural fragility, serious risk of bank runs, and recurring financial crises.
What is wrong with debt-money?
A market economy needs money to mediate members' exchange of goods and services. With a debt-based money system, the society must continuously take on new debt as prior debt is paid off in order to have a sufficient supply of money. And the money supply and economy can only expand if more loans are made than are paid off. This results in an ever-rising mountain of debt in booms and a shortage of money in busts when people stop borrowing. The system is inherently fragile.
- Excessive debt levels make the economy highly vulnerable; even small shocks or modest interest-rate changes can trigger a financial crisis.
- Debt-money produces boom-bust cycles with abundant of money in booms, and a shortage of money in busts, which creates unnecessary unemployment.
Money and debt have for a long time grown more than 2-3 times the speed of GDP. This means the debt mountain grows faster than our income. It is like climbing a mountain that keeps rising faster than you can ascend — sooner or later, collapse becomes unavoidable.
Who should attend?
The webinar is for all who are:
- frustrated by rising debt and inflation
- interested in economic sustainability, genuine democracy, and geopolitical peace
- concerned about housing affordability, inequality, environmental degradation, and public policy
- open to serious alternatives beyond the standard left-right debate
No specialist background is required. The webinar is designed for a broad audience, while still engaging seriously with one of the most important economic questions of our time.
History: How did we end up here?
To understand today’s system, we need to look at history. For a long time, societies used stamped precious metals as money. But metals were scarce, which often limited the money supply and constrained economic growth.
From the mid-17th century (notably 1661 with Stockholms Banco), private banks began issuing circulating paper banknotes redeemable in gold or silver. These notes were far more practical than metal coins, and banks soon discovered they could issue more notes than they held in metal, because not everyone redeemed them at once.
This made payments easier for the public, but banks still had to settle with each other in gold. That was costly and inefficient. The solution was clearing: if banks owed each other similar amounts, only the net difference had to be paid in metal.
Later, central banks became the banks of the banks. Commercial banks could hold their gold there and settle by transferring claims on reserves instead of physically moving metal. This was an efficient system for a world in which gold was scarce and settlement was cumbersome.
But today, money is digital. We no longer live in a gold-based economy. The old debt-based chain — where bank money is a debt on central bank reserves, and central bank reserves a debt on gold — was a practical solution for another age, not a necessity for ours.
What you will learn
During the webinar Dr. Michael Kumhof will explain:
- how today’s debt-based money system actually works
- why the claim that money must be debt is misleading
- why common framings of central bank money are often outdated
- limitations and misconceptions in mainstream economics and Modern Monetary Theory (MMT)
- how debt-free public money could work in practice
- how best to reform a nation's debt-money system into a debt-free money system
- what monetary reform could mean for democracy, stability, and the real economy
Does money really have to be debt?
Today, most money is digital. We no longer live in a gold-based economy. Central bank reserves are no longer redeemable for gold or anything outside the system. They are digital entries in their own right.
That means the monetary system could now be much simpler. We could use debt-free public digital money, issued directly by the central bank or the government, as a means of payment.
But instead we still behave as if central bank money were a scarce resource that must be economized, and as if society must keep borrowing from private banks in order to maintain or expand the money supply.
That made sense in a world of gold, vaults, and physical settlement. In a digital fiat-money economy, it does not. This is one of Michael Kumhof’s key insights: The debt-money system is not a law of nature. It is a historical leftover — and one we no longer need.
A way out: Money without debt?
Once we separate money creation from private bank lending, a much simpler principle comes into view: Money can be created as money — not only as debt.
This means the economy would no longer need to rely on continual borrowing just to function. The money supply could remain stable or grow without forcing households, businesses, and the public sector deeper into debt.
That is a profound shift — and it opens the door to a very different kind of economic system with effects such as:
Dr. Michael Kumhof will explain why money does not have to be debt, how the current system can be rethought — and what a realistic path beyond the debt-based system could look like.
Urgent need for action
Across the world, more and more people feel that something is deeply wrong with the economic system. They see:
- rising household debt
- housing markets detached from ordinary incomes
- recurring financial instability
- a lack of money for public investements
- public dependence on oversized banks
- growing inequality in wealth and opportunity
- a political system that seems unable to direct finance toward long-term social needs
A monetary system is a human institution. It can be redesigned. It can be modernized. And it can be built so that money no longer depends on ever-rising private debt. Join Michael Kumhof for a webinar on one of the deepest structural problems in the modern economy — and learn about one of the clearest paths beyond it.
About Michael Kumhof
Dr. Michael Kumhof recently worked as Senior Research Advisor in the Research Hub of the Bank of England. Before that, he was Deputy Division Chief at the Modeling Division in the Research Department at the International Monetary Fund (IMF) (2004 to 2015). Kumhof was responsible for developing the Global Integrated Monetary and Fiscal Model of the IMF which is used at several central banks, for IMF policy and scenario analyses, for the World Economic Outlook, and for G20 work. Before that, he was Assistant Professor at Stanford University (1998 to 2004). His research focuses on the role of banks in the economy and on different monetary systems.
Recent work
Dr. Michael Kumhof has published several influential papers that analyze the monetary system in depth. Here are some of his most important works:
- Michael Kumhof published “The Chicago Plan Revisited” in 2012 as an IMF Working Paper, and a much-improved “The Chicago Plan Revisited – Debt-free Money, Growth, and Stability” in 2024. The paper finds that a transition to universal narrow banking, where all deposits consist of public money while all lending is performed by mutual funds that intermediate public money, could permanently raise US GDP by between 15% and 20%. The mechanism is a replacement of debt-based private money with debt-free public money that reduces debt and leverage and therefore interest rates throughout the economy. The paper also found that a countercyclical policy rule for the interest rate on central bank credit to banks could substantially improve the central bank’s ability to stabilise the business cycle.
- The Chicago Plan paper was the direct inspiration for the 2016 Bank of England Staff Working Paper “The Macroeconomics of Central Bank Digital Currencies” (published version from 2022). This was the paper that first coined the acronym “CBDC”.
- “Central Bank Money: Central Bank Money: Liability, Asset or Equity of the Nation?” explores a key aspect of both CBDC and the Chicago Plan, which is that the conventional practice of classifying central bank money as a liability of the consolidated public sector is irreconcilable with the legal underpinnings of modern fiat money systems. Instead, it should be classified as a hybrid category that reflects both its function as a public good and its proximity to corporate equity in several legal dimensions, including non-defaultability
Organizers
References
[1] https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/global-debt-hits-record-high-of-348-trillion-in-2025-report-219339
Historic opportunity
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